物理海洋学
河口近岸水动力学河口近岸水动力学
     厦门湾位于台湾海峡西岸的福建省东南部沿海，是我国东南沿海对外贸易的重要口岸。近年来随着城市的建设发展和特别是海洋经济的快速发展，入海污染物总量不断增加，导致部分海域水质下降，局部海域生态环境受到了一定程度的破坏，营养盐的大量输入引发了海域水体的富营养化，间接地对高营养级生物种群结构产生了影响，进而显现出诸多生态资源与环境的问题。究其原因主要是人们对海洋生态系统的结构和功能及其变化机制缺乏深入的了解，从而难以开展有序和可持续的海域保护和开发活动。因此，了解海洋生态系统的变化规律、研究海水中氮、磷等营养盐的循环过程，对如何解决资源问题、缓解环境压力具有重要意义。
     由于传统的生态系统问题的研究方式主要侧重于现场观测，其对时间、人力及物力有较高要求，且受观测条件的限制难以获取实时同步的数据，而借助海洋生态系统动力学数值模型可以进一步细化讨论生态过程的变化规律及形成机制。海洋生态系统动力学数值模型是研究海洋生态系统的重要方法。通过它可以探讨生态系统内在控制机制，探讨各个生物和非生物过程的关系，根据系统内各个过程的关系和环境因子的变化预测生态系统的演变规律，从而可以为、治理环境、海洋的合理开发提供指导，并可为解决现实问题提供精确的数据和可靠的依据。
     本文采用数值模型方法在三维斜压水动力模型的基础上，建立了一个基于氮、磷营养盐循环的厦门湾三维生态动力学数值模型，目标在于通过计算模拟厦门湾营养盐、浮游动植物量的分布特征，以及各个变量随时间的变化趋势，讨论生化过程的影响与贡献。
    首先，本文建立了厦门湾三维水动力数值模型，对2009年9月的潮变化特征进行模拟，经过校验表明模拟值与实测值符合较好，动力模拟精度较高。计算结果较好地表现厦门湾强、弱流区及大、小潮的变化特征。在水动力模型的基础上，构筑了厦门湾三维生态动力学数值模型，在现场调查资料的基础上对初、边值问题和生化过程参数进行设定和检验，并模拟了厦门湾夏季浮游生物及营养盐的时空变化，通过和实测资料的对比显示模拟结果与实测相符。计算结果表明：营养盐分布特征为同安湾和西海域的磷酸盐浓度较高；九龙江河口区由于受河流径流的影响，无机氮浓度全海域最高；西海域由于陆源污染排放量较大、水交换能力差，化学耗氧量较高；浮游植物表现为磷控制，同安湾和西海域的浮游植物量较其他海区高；浮游动物量总体变化不大，呈现出由湾内向湾外逐渐减少的特征。本文还计算了厦门湾污染物排放量和九龙江径流量变化的几种工况下，厦门湾几个重要断面的污染物年通量。计算情况显示虽然各动力参量和生物过程变化复杂，但计算结果在一阶近似的情况下显现出一定的线性关系，因此在现场调查资料缺匮乏时，在一定应用范围和近似程度上内可用线性关系估算通量变化。
     本文研究显示所建立的厦门湾三维生态动力学数值模型能够反映厦门湾生态、环境变化过程的基本特征，在同化校验的基础上，可进一步提高模型的计算精度，为今后厦门湾海域生态模型的研究与相关应用研究奠定基础。 [英文摘要]：      Xiamen Bay,lying in the south exit of the Taiwan Strait and on the south-east coast of Fujian Province, is one of the major ports for foreign trade of China. In recent years, along with the development and construction of the city as well as the rapid development of marine economy, the total urban and rural sewage is increasing. This made part of the marine water quality decline and led local marine ecological environment a certain degree of damage. Large input of nutrients caused eutrophication of water and also had a certain influence on the structure of high trophic level biological species indirectly. Problems between the ecological resources and the environment are becoming increasingly apparent, mainly due to our lacking understanding of the function and the change mechanism of the marine ecosystem, which leads a difficult to carry out an orderly and sustainable development activities in the sea. Therefore, the understanding of marine ecosystems, the study of seawater nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients cycles is important on how to solve the problems of resources and ease environmental pressures.
     The numerical model we used in this article is a three-dimensional baroclinic hydrodynamic model as well as a three-dimensional ecological dynamics model based on the establishment of nitrogen and phosphorus cycling in the Xiamen Bay. By this model we can simulate the distribution of nutrients and plankton volume and the trends of the different variables over time and discuss the impact and contribution of the biochemical process.
     First, we established a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model of Xiamen Bay, simulated the trend of the situation in this area in September 2009, and found a good agreement between the simulated and measured values. Experimental results show that the wave velocity of the flow of the whole area during spring tide period is higher than it during the neap tide period; the velocities in a few deep narrow navigation channels are very high, so these areas belong to strong flow zones while the weak zones show up in the top of the bay and the shallow waters near the shore. It means that based on the hydrodynamic model, adding on the numerical simulation of ecological processes to set up a three-dimensional ecosystem dynamic model of Xiamen Bay. Specific implementation is to set the initial value, boundary conditions and parameters into the biochemical processes considering the past on-site data for the purpose of simulating the changes of the summer plankton and nutrients both in time and space. It shows that the simulated and measured results match. At the same time it also prompted a series of phenomena: higher concentration of phosphate in the Xiamen Tong’an Bay and West Bay area; the highest concentration of inorganic nitrogen in the estuary of Jiulongjiang river due to its runoff; higher phytoplankton quantity in the Tong’an Bay and West Bay area since phosphorus concentration is the controlling factor; zooplankton quantity changes little overall while showing the law of decreasing from the inside to the outside of the bay; higher levels of chemical oxygen demand in West Sea of Xiamen Bay resulting from big volume of land-based pollution discharge, chemical and biological complexity and poor water exchange.On the basis of ecological dynamics model, we can also simulate the contamination flux of main sections of the Xiamen Bay. Under different assumptions, for example, for different wastewater discharges and runoffs, we can calculate the relative changes of the fluxes. We can find that although changes in the parameters are influenced by dynamic and complex biological processes as well as other factors, the results still can be seen by a certain linear relationship existing, which means that, in a certain range, flux change can be estimated even lacking of survey data at the scene.
     In this paper, based on the three-dimensional numerical model of ecological dynamics, considering the whole sea area of Xiamen Bay as the research object, the tide situation and main ecological processes were simulated considering the impact of the flow of the Xiamen Bay from the three-dimensional perspective. The results agree with the measured data well in the magnitude and distribution, so it can basically reflect the general characteristics of ecological processes of the Xiamen Bay and lay the foundation for related applications and studies of ecological models in this area. [参考文献]：     [1] 冯士笮, 李凤崎, 李少菁. 海洋科学导论[M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2003.
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