Research on the Enforcement of Foreign Judgments

1． Introduction
Since the end of last century, with the increasing frequency of international activities and the overwhelming trend of integrated economy in the world, countries have been inclined to accept and enforce the judgment having been made by his counterpart country, which have formed an important law to ensure the freedom of international economy. T he practice, recognizing and enforcement of the judgment made by the other country, is a necessary to get the international dispute settled, also it take the part as the ultimate return of the international civil action procedure as the whole. If the judgment produced by a country fails to receive the recognition and enforcement from the other countries, it shows that the lawsuit procedure lose its actual significance.
There are four treaties available to deal with the acceptance and enforcement of foreign judgment. The four covenants are as followings: Domestic Legislation, Bilateral Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (in brief MLAT), District Mutual Legal Assistance treaty and General International covenant. For example, Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, established by European Economic Community in Brusel, September 27,1968, at the aim of implementing the provisions of Article 220 of that Treaty by virtue of which they undertook to secure the simplification of formalities governing the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments of courts or tribunals, considering that it is necessary for this purpose to determine the international jurisdiction of their courts, to facilitate recognition and to introduce an expeditious procedure for securing the enforcement of judgments, authentic instruments and court settlements. For the purposes of this Convention, `judgment' means any judgment given by a court or tribunal of a Contracting State, whatever the judgment may be called, including a decree, order, decision or writ of execution, as well as the determination of costs or expenses by an officer of the court. A judgment given in a Contracting State shall be recognized in the other Contracting States without any special procedure being required. Any interested party who raises the recognition of a judgment as the principal issue in a dispute may, in accordance with the procedures provided for in Sections 2 and 3 of this Title, apply for a decision that the judgment be recognized. A judgment given in a Contracting State and enforceable in that State shall be enforced in another Contracting State when, on the application of any interested party, it has been declared enforceable there.

1．前言
上世纪末以来，随着国际交往的日益频繁，世界经济一体化趋势的出现，各国相互承认和执行彼此法院的判决，已成为保障国际经济自由化的一项重要法律制度。外国法院判决的承认与执行是国际民事纠纷解决的重要环节，也是整个国际民事诉讼程序的最终归宿。如果一国法院做出的判决得不到他国的承认和执行，其诉讼程序也就失去了实际意义。
解决外国法院判决的承认和执行问题有国内立法、双边司法互助条约、区际司法互助条约和普遍性国际公约四种途径可供选择，例如 1968年9月27日由欧共体国家在布鲁塞尔签订的 《关于民商事裁判管辖权及判决执行的公约》就缔约国之间关于民商事诉讼管辖及法院判决执行事项创设了统一的制度和规则。该公约的主要目的是在欧共体内实现"法院判决的自由流通"。在公约起草过程中，谈判者们认为确保"法院判决自由流通"最好的方法是规定一套统一的管辖原则，使争议与受理争议的法院之间毫无疑义地存在着紧密的联系．这样将会减少对外国法院判决的不信任。为此，公约详细规定了缔约国之间行使管辖权的规则，限制了拒绝承认和执行另一缔约国法院判决的理由。按照公约规定，在其中一个缔约国做出的判决在所有其它缔约国内应予以自动承认和执行。除了极个别的情况外，它完全代替了成员国之间原有的承认与执行判决的双边条约中的转换制度。
外国判决的承认与执行不仅在民商法领域得到广泛的重视，而且随着国际、跨国和国内犯罪事件和罪犯的数量持续增加，就如何区分不同类型的犯罪事件和罪犯，各国之间承认和相互承认判决便成为打击范围的重要的甚至必不可少的工具。在当今世界多元化、经济一体化和信息网络化的氛围下，基于维护世界和平与安宁之目的，国际刑法领域的对外国判决的承认和执行也成为国际法学界的研究重点。
2．国际判决基本理论分析
2.1外国法院判决承认与执行的概念、依据
外国法院判决的承认与执行是指一国法院对他国法院作出的判决承认其在本国的效力，并对其可强制执行的部分在本国范围内予以强制执行的制度。
依据国家主权原则，作为国际社会平等的主体各国享有独立的司法权，一国法院的判决仅在其域内发生效力，任何一个国家没有承认和执行他国法院判决的义务。
外国法院判决承认和执行的问题的产生，是国际民商事交往日益频繁的结果，在民商事交往范围尚未跨越一国国境的境况下，根本不会涉及判决承认执行的问题，只有在民商事交往超出了一国的疆域，案件涉及他国的人或物的条件下，一国法院对当事人权利义务作出的确定、当事人的利益的实现需要在他国被承认并且（或者）能够借助国家强制力予以执行时，外国法院判决的承认与执行问题才浮出水面。
2.2国际法院的组织